<p><br></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="paragraph" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px none; z-index: 0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 如何提高洗涤效率,即既提高水洗效果,又节约用水,这是目前染整生产中的一个重要课题。目前是以较少的设备,最少的洗涤剂,在最短的时间内完成对织物的净洗任务。这就应该从选用合理的净洗工艺和改善洗涤设备两方面去研究解决。从净洗工艺方面看,应考虑水的硬度、洗涤剂的去污能力、洗液中洗涤剂的浓度、洗液温度、纤维性质、污物特点及洗涤时间等因素。而从设备方面来看,则是如何保持洗液与污物的较大浓度差,加速洗液的交换,减薄和破坏固液相边界层等。目前,在这方面采取的主要措施有逆流洗涤、高温蒸洗、强力喷轧(或强力喷吸)、机械振荡和延长洗涤的作用时间等。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.提高洗涤效果的设备措施<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图4-15所示为低水位波形辊式高效平洗机,它的结构特点如下:</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3049.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3049.png" data-ratio="0.9818181818181818" data-w="440" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1)常压液封热洗:顶盖口沿水封,进出布处由洗液封口,槽内温度最高可达98℃。织物在汽域中运行时间较长,这种蒸洗对洗碱、洗色酚及洗活性染料等效果极为显著。采用性能较好的汽水混合器,槽外加进热水(热水喷于进轧辊组轧点前的织物上),槽内加热保温的方法,耗汽少,槽内温度稳定,织物不易起皱。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2)逆流低水位:除相邻洗槽间洗液逆流外,槽内还分格迂回逆流。同时,由于低水位、小浴比,洗液更换快,利用充分,且有利于织物上的污物向洗液扩散,耗水、耗汽少。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (3)多浸多轧:槽内每根上导辊上斜装一根直径为30mm的耐热合成橡胶压辊,借自重加压,使织物多浸多轧。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (4)低频振荡:每槽被动下导辊的中间四根为四角导布辊(即波形辊),能使织物产生低频振荡,并搅动洗液,促使织物上的洗液快速交换。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图4-16所示为横导辊式高效平洗机,它的结构特点如下:</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3050.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3050.png" data-ratio="1.3975903614457832" data-w="249" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ①织物横穿、洗液逆流:织物自槽底进入洗槽后,在导辊间由下而上横穿运行。用泵将出口处污物浓度最低的洗液,经汽水混合器加热后,送往浸渍槽中冲洗,并以逆流方式流经各层织物。由于横穿运行的织物在导辊间多次改变运行方向,致使自槽顶向下冲洗逆流的洗液,借其贯流作用,能反复多次地从正反两面透过织物,有利于洗液充分逆流和织物上洗液交换,耗水少、净洗效率高。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ②常压液封热洗:洗槽基本密封,织物进口采用水封。除用汽水混合器加热冲洗的洗液外,在洗槽底部有直接蒸汽管加热。槽内洗液可接近常压下沸点水温。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ③多浸多轧:槽内除装有小型浸渍槽和轧辊外,实际上,每根导布辊和防皱弯辊都有一定的挤液作用,故织物是在多浸多轧和洗液清浊分流的情况下净洗的。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ④低水位、小浴比:洗槽底部的大洗液槽液面高度仅230mm,容量较小;小浸渍槽的容量则更小。因此,洗液更新快,有利于织物上的污染杂质向洗液扩散。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 由此可见,一台高效平洗机,往往是多方面综合考虑后改进设计的。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 平洗机的一般维护保养和常见故障处理见表4-4和表4-5。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3051.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3051.png" data-ratio="0.46849757673667203" data-w="619" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 464.444px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3052.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3052.png" data-ratio="0.7552674230145867" data-w="617" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 464.444px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.综合高效净洗设备<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 净洗用汽蒸箱是供织物染色、印花后处理时,进行皂煮、热水蒸洗及丝光蒸洗去碱的一类常压汽蒸设备,其使用目的是为了净洗。因而,其基本结构与平洗机有某些相似之处。但是,由于这是一种汽液双相形式的蒸洗,有较高温度和较大的渗透作用,因此,使洗涤的速度和效果都有所提高。常温织物进入汽蒸箱后与高湿蒸汽相遇,自身的温度升高,纤维膨胀,污物活性增加。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 蒸汽冷凝后的液滴吸引污物分子,使其浓度降低,随织物进入蒸箱下部洗液中而洗去。如此循环,织物很快被洗净。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3053.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3053.png" data-ratio="0.7852193995381063" data-w="433" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图4-17所示为去碱蒸箱,供双层丝光织物蒸洗去碱。蒸洗箱上部有两排导布辊,第一排9根,其中偶数为主动辊;第二排的9根较上排小,偶数也为主动辊,并由第一排中的对应导布辊通过齿轮传动。蒸箱下部对应两排均为10根一排的被动导布辊。上部汽域部分的两排导布辊采用滚动轴承,其轴承座安装于铸铁箱体的侧板外,并与侧板分离;处于下部液域部分的导布辊的轴承采用尼龙或铸铁制的滑动轴承。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为了提高洗涤效率,箱底为自后向前倾斜的平底。每隔两根导布辊安装一块逆流隔板,板内的下部装有直接加热蒸汽管,加热各隔板间的洗液。隔板底部有放液旋塞,可随时控制液面高度。在汽域部分装有蒸汽喷管,可直接加热箱内蒸汽。汽液箱的导辊间装有冷水喷淋管数只。当发生故障时,可立即开启冷水阀,使喷淋管喷水,迅速降低箱内温度,及时处理故障。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 织物在箱内经沸水洗涤、汽蒸后,织物中含碱量大大降低,但织物伸长较多。为了确保织物运行处于正常状态,且不起皱条,主动导布辊直径必须由小到大顺序递增排列,其递增量由经验确定。例如,对LM222型去碱蒸箱来说,第一台蒸箱中125mm主动导辊的递增量为0１30mm,100mm主动导辊为0１24mm;第二台蒸箱中两者的递增量分别为0１20mm和0１16mm。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 为了消除进箱织物的卷边和皱折,进布处应安装两根主动螺纹扩幅辊。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图4-18所示为皂蒸箱,供棉、涤/棉及一般化纤混纺织物染色及印花后皂煮和热水蒸洗用。箱内安装三排导布辊;上排13根,奇数为主动辊;中间26根小直径腰辊和下排14根导辊均为被动辊。蒸箱铸铁箱体的前后板均为铸铁制蒸汽夹板,用来间接加热,保持箱内温度。箱内底部装8只外套消声筒的直接蒸汽加热管,用来加热洗液。汽域部分装4只直接蒸汽喷管,进行喷汽汽蒸。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3054.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3054.png" data-ratio="1.0112359550561798" data-w="445" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图4-19所示为长蒸箱,除可皂蒸、热蒸外,也可碱蒸。箱中装有上下两排导布辊,上排9根,奇数为主动辊,均由力矩电动机单独驱动。下排10根,均为被动导辊。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3055.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3055.png" data-ratio="0.8306636155606407" data-w="437" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 去碱蒸箱的维修和保养注意事项分别见表4-6和表4-7。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3056.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3056.png" data-ratio="0.7046548956661316" data-w="623" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 464.444px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3057.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/rzsb3057.png" data-ratio="0.3520900321543408" data-w="622" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 464.444px; max-inline-size: 100%; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 皂蒸箱和长蒸箱的维修保养注意事项也可参见表4-6和表4-7。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"></p></section><section class="_135editor" data-role="paragraph" id="autoparagraph" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px none; z-index: 0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"></p></section>