<p><br></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="paragraph" style="font-size: medium; max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px none; z-index: 0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; (一)锯齿轧花工艺<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 20世纪80年代我国棉花加工工艺流程如图6-2所示。20世纪90年代及21世纪初我国棉花加工工艺流程如图6-3所示。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-3.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-3.png" draggable="false" data-ratio="0.8399366085578447" data-w="631" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 464px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><section align="left" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;</span></p></section><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 根据2004年发布的《棉花质量检验体制改革试点企业棉花加工技术规程》要求,棉花加工工艺如下:<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 货场子棉→子棉重杂物清理机→子棉卸料器→子棉自动控制喂料器→子棉烘干机→子棉清理机→子棉配棉装置→轧花机→(皮棉清理机)→集棉机→(加湿)→打包机→取棉样→棉包计量→棉包信息管理系统→打印条形码→棉包自动输送系统加工设备一体化是棉花加工发展的趋势,下面介绍一些成套轧花加工设备的工艺流程。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.手摘细绒棉加工工艺<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图6-4所示是多台型手摘棉轧花工艺流程。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-4.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-4.png" draggable="false" data-ratio="0.4336283185840708" data-w="678" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 464px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><section align="left" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;</span></p></section><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 货场或仓库的子棉采用气力输送方式运送到生产车间。在安装重杂物沉积器之前的输送管道上还安置了通大气阀,以实现外吸棉的自动控制。当子棉含水较高而不适合轧花工艺要求时,子棉经外吸棉分离器、子棉自动控制箱进入烘干系统的热空气管道内,并由热空气吹送至烘干机烘干,再由内吸棉分离器卸入高效清花机清理;当子棉含水适宜时,通过调整,使子棉直接进入内吸棉分离器,再由内吸棉分离器卸入高效清花机清理。与子棉分离之后的含尘空气经回风管导入除尘设备净化处理,再排入大气。子棉清理、蓬松后,采用正压配棉装置或螺旋配棉装置等配送给大型锯齿轧花机。经锯齿轧花机加工后,纤维与棉子分离。可根据皮棉的质量情况确定皮棉是否进行清理,当皮棉质量符合要求时,通过调整皮棉清理机(简称皮清机)的四通阀,使皮棉不经皮清机直接由共同集棉装置送往打包机成包。一般情况下,皮棉应送皮清机清理。子棉量的自动控制是通过设备电动机间的连锁和储棉箱(或配棉箱)上设置的微动开关的连锁连动实现的。当正压配棉箱内的子棉达到一定高度时,其上部的微动开关被触动,从而控制高效清花机下部的内储棉箱上的喂料电动机停止工作,同时使子棉自动控制箱上的直流喂料电动机也停止喂料。当子棉自动控制箱内的子棉达到一定高度时,其上部的微动开关被触动,使通大气阀与空气相通,停止外吸棉。不选用烘干工艺时,内储棉箱上的喂料电动机直接与通大气阀连通,以控制通大气阀与空气相通,停止外吸棉。锯齿轧花机、皮清机排出的不孕子和杂质等采用气力输送装置送往回收车间回收;轧净长纤维的棉子采用螺旋输送装置送往剥绒车间加工。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.机采棉加工工艺<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 由于机采棉中的外附杂质较手摘棉高出几倍,子棉含水率又较高,故轧花前的子棉需经过多次清理和1～2次的烘干,轧花后的皮棉需经过2次或更多次的清理。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-5.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-5.png" draggable="false" data-ratio="0.4802919708029197" data-w="685" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 464px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><section align="left" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;</span></p></section><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图6-5所示的是机采棉加工工艺流程。相对于手摘棉的棉花加工工艺而言,该工艺增加了子棉烘干次数、子棉清理次数(在第一次子棉烘干之后增加了用于清除棉铃、铃壳、棉枝等杂质的提净式子棉清理机,并在第一、第二次子棉烘干之后均采用了兼有子棉分离作用的倾斜式子棉清理机)和皮棉清理次数(采用一次气流式皮棉清理和两次锯齿滚筒式皮棉清理),增加了皮棉加湿。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.美国的棉花加工工艺流程<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 美国加工陆地棉的轧花厂生产规模都较大,一般拥有2～5台大型锯齿轧花机,平均每个工厂年生产皮棉2万吨以上。轧花厂的经济和科研实力都很强,经常采用先进技术并更新设备。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 但轧花厂只加工商品子棉,并且是单一的轧花生产,棉子剥绒是在榨油厂进行的。种子棉由专门的棉种加工厂加工,轧花后的棉子除采取“泡沫酸脱绒”的工艺进行处理之外,还进行各种特殊处理。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 美国的农业生产已高度机械化和现代化。轧花厂加工的子棉全部由机械采摘,其中,80%由水平摘锭式采棉机分次采摘(含杂率4%～10%),20%由摘辊式采棉机一次采摘(含杂率30%～40%)。所以,美国的棉花加工工艺也分两种。分次采摘棉花加工工艺主要包括:子棉烘干、子棉清理、轧花、皮棉清理、集棉和打包等工序。一次采摘棉花加工工艺包括:先用除铃壳机、除棉枝机清除大量铃壳和断枝,然后按分次采摘棉花加工工艺加工。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 田间采得的子棉,或是由棉模踩压机压成棉模(长×宽×高为7315mm×3048mm×2438mm,重8000kg左右),暂存于露天,加工时,再由棉模自动装运机送往轧花厂,或是由高帮拖车运往轧花厂。棉模运到轧花厂喂棉车间,被卸在输送带上,在运送的同时,由棉模开松机抓下子棉团到外吸棉管的喂入口。高帮拖车运送子棉到轧花厂喂棉车间后,用带有万向球头可转动、升降的外吸棉管直接从拖车中吸棉。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 美国大陆公司生产棉花的工艺流程如下。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (1)轧花工艺:<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 棉模喂花(或吸花)→重杂分离器→棉模开松机→三辊分离器→子棉控制箱→烘干塔→斜六辊清花(分离)→提净清花→烘干塔→斜六辊清花(分离)→绞龙配棉(带溢棉箱)→提净喂花及轧花机→锯齿皮清机(清2遍)→集棉机→上压式打包→取样→称重→包装→入库图6-6所示是美国大陆公司的棉花加工工艺流程。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-6.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-6.png" draggable="false" data-ratio="0.5447409733124019" data-w="637" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 464px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><section align="left" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;</span></p></section><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (2)不孕子回收工艺:<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 集不孕子尘笼清不孕子机卧式不孕子打包机<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (3)除尘工艺:采用沙克龙一级除尘,杂质及尘土由绞龙集中后,用风吹入车间较远处一沙克龙,卸料后露天堆放。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (4)棉子回收工艺:棉子由风运到高架的储存仓,储存仓下部有出料口,可将棉子卸入拖车箱内运走。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 图6-7所示为美国拉姆斯公司的棉花加工工艺流程。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-7.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-7.png" draggable="false" data-ratio="0.4316109422492401" data-w="658" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; cursor: pointer; width: 464px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><section align="left" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;</span></p></section><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"></p><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (二)皮辊轧花工艺<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 皮辊轧花机主要用于长绒棉加工。图6-8所示的是山东天鹅棉业机械股份有限公司提供的多台型手摘棉的皮辊轧花工艺流程。</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-8.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/tu6-8.png" draggable="false" data-ratio="0.4442748091603053" data-w="655" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 464px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><section align="left" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; 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