<section class="_135editor" data-role="paragraph" style="font-size: medium; max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px none; z-index: 0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 子棉衣分是考核棉花品种优劣的一项重要指标,也是收购子棉时的一个重要检验项目。按照国家棉花标准,收购子棉时,实行“一试五定”的检验制度,即批批试轧定衣分、对照标准定品级、手扯尺量定长度、仪器电测定水分、估验对照机检定杂质。通过“一试五定”可以计算出整批子棉的皮棉量,并进行价格结算。衣分检验结果是否准确,直接关系到棉花产量和棉农的经济收益。认真做好衣分检验工作,对促进执行优棉优价、推广棉花优良品种、改进栽培技术和发展棉花生产都具有重要的意义。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (一)子棉及子棉衣分<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 子棉是棉花的棉子和棉子着生纤维的总称。子棉除去棉子后则是棉纤维,商业上习惯称棉纤维为皮棉,而工业上习惯称棉纤维为原棉。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 子棉衣分通常用衣分率表示,即试轧后棉纤维的重量占试轧子棉重量的百分比。在实际检验工作中,子棉衣分率有准重衣分率和公定衣分率两个指标。子棉准重衣分率是指从子棉上轧出的皮棉准重占相应子棉重量的百分率,其中准重是指子棉的净重按棉花标准含杂率折算后的重量;而子棉的公定衣分率是指从子棉上轧出的皮棉公定重量占相应子棉重量的百分率,其中公定重量是指准重按棉花公定回潮率折算后的重量。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (二)影响子棉衣分高低的因素<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 影响子棉衣分高低的因素很多,如品种、气候、雨量、土壤、栽培、病虫害等方面。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.棉种和品种<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 子棉衣分与棉种和品种以及品种纯度密切相关。目前,我国栽培面积最大的陆地棉,衣分一般在35%以上;新疆等地种植的海岛棉,衣分只有31%左右。在同一棉种里,不同品种的棉花,其衣分相差也很大。比如同是陆地棉,岱字棉15号衣分为37%～41%,鄂光棉6号衣分为40%～42%,徐州1818号棉衣分为36%～41%,中棉所12号棉衣分为43%～44%。同一品种的棉花,品种纯度越高,衣分也越高;反之则越低。原种退化以后,衣分会显著下降,严重的会降低4%以上。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.土质<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 各地区种植的棉花,由于土壤的黏、沙、盐碱程度和肥瘦程度不同,棉花的生长发育受到不同程度的影响,同品种的棉花,衣分也会有明显的差异。在正常情况下,土质肥沃的衣分高,土质贫瘠的衣分低。但是,如果土壤氮肥过多,促使棉子肥大,子指(100g子棉中棉子所占的重量称为子指)上升,会使衣分相对降低;而盐碱地种植的棉花,因其棉子瘦小,衣分反而高于熟地种植的棉花。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.气候<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 气候条件适宜,棉纤维发育正常,衣分较高;反之衣分就低。在严重干旱的情况下,由于子指下降,会使衣分相对提高。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4.栽培管理<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 棉花是栽培技术性很强的农作物,凡实行科学种棉的,子棉衣分高,如管理不善,耕作、施肥、灌溉和田间管理不得当,衣分就低。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5.成熟期<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 由于棉铃有“自下而上,自内而外”的螺旋形生长规律,所以不同成熟期的棉花衣分会有明显的差异。同地区、同品种的子棉,中期的成熟好、衣分高,晚期的衣分略比中期低而高于早期棉。但棉花成熟不良、棉子仁不饱满时,也会出现晚期棉衣分高于中期的情况。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6.病虫害<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 棉花在生产过程中,因病虫害的影响会形成一些僵瓣棉,混入正常的子棉中。根据僵瓣棉的软硬程度,可分为软僵和硬僵。软僵在轧花时可以松解开,主要会影响棉花的品级,对子棉衣分影响不大。硬僵在轧花时不易松解,往往随棉子或杂质一同排出,对衣分影响很大。所以,子棉含僵瓣棉多的衣分低;反之,衣分就高。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7.试轧机状态<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 试轧机状态不同对子棉衣分影响较大,以毛头率、黄根率、不孕子含棉率等符合国家标准要求为准,超过或低于质量指标越多,对衣分影响越大。采用皮辊机试轧,漏花多、毛头率偏大的衣分就偏低,而毛头率小、破子和黄根多的衣分就偏高。用锯齿机试轧时,毛头率大、不孕子含棉率高的衣分偏低,毛头率小、不孕子含棉率低的,衣分就偏高。锯齿机排出的短绒多,风耗较大,排杂时也会带出一部分有效纤维,因而锯齿机比皮辊机试轧出的衣分率低2.5%～4.0%。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8.子棉水、杂含量<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 子棉中水分和杂质的含量对子棉衣分也有较大的影响。子棉中棉子和棉纤维吸收和散发水分的速度不同,棉纤维速度较快,棉子较慢。这种吸收和散发水分速度上的差异,常使棉纤维和棉子含水不一致,导致棉纤维和棉子的重量发生变化而影响衣分的高低。一般子潮衣干的子棉衣分偏低,子干衣潮的衣分偏高。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 棉花在生长、采摘、轧花等过程中所产生的杂质,如碎叶、铃片、小棉枝以及其他细小杂质,对衣分也有一定的影响。杂质越多衣分越高,反之,衣分就低。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (三)子棉公定衣分率的检验方法<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GB1103-1999《棉花细绒棉》规定:检验子棉公定衣分率时,子棉试样用衣分试轧机加工。要求不出破子,不带油污棉,应符合轧工质量参考指标要求。目前,衣分试轧机包括皮辊试轧机和锯齿试轧机两种。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.取样<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 从整批子棉中采取多点随机取样方法,在不同的棉包和散花的不同部位抽取小样,抽样数量每500kg不少于1.5kg,不足500kg的按500kg计。然后将每份样品分别充分混合均匀。子棉大垛采取以垛为单位抽样,在不同方位,多点、多层随机取样,取样深度不低于30cm。10t及以下大垛抽样10kg;10t以上50t及以下大垛抽样20kg;50t以上大垛抽样25kg。一个试样大约按1.5kg计,可分别形成5个、10个或12个试样。每份试样称量1kg(精确到1g)。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.试轧<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 将称取的每份试样在试轧机上试轧,轧出的皮棉分别称重,得出皮棉净重(精确到1g)。如果子棉中含有较大杂质,应将杂质清除后试轧,最后计算出毛衣分率。子棉的毛衣分率是指试轧出的皮棉重量与子棉试样重量的百分比。<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.计算<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 棉花国家标准规定,子棉衣分要按规定的皮棉含水率、含杂率标准进行补扣计算,即需计算子棉准重衣分率和子棉公定衣分率。计算公式如下:<br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 子棉准重衣分率:</span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.75em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/gongsi009.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/gongsi009.png" data-ratio="0.24539877300613497" data-w="652" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 464px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"><img src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/gongsi009001.png" _src="http://dayaotex-img.gz.bcebos.com/article/fffspic/gongsi009001.png" data-ratio="0.7098150782361309" data-w="703" style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 464px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important;"></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"></p></section><section class="_135editor" data-role="paragraph" id="autoparagraph" style="font-size: medium; max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px none; z-index: 0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; 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