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全部资讯   / 新型合成纤维的分类及应用

新型合成纤维的分类及应用

2023-06-27 11:01:20

<section data-role="outer" class="article135" label="edit by 135editor"><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="128866"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: flex-end;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;display: flex;flex-direction: column;"><section style="margin: 0 0 -8px -8px;z-index: 9;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 20px;"><img class="assistant" style="width: 100%; display: block; vertical-align: inherit; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/eb4591155da12806be842efced30b14a.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section><section style="background-color: #d53a1c;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="">1</strong></section></section></section><section style="background-color: #ffd952;margin: 0 0 0 3px;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(213, 58, 28); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">超细纤维类</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">超细纤维是目前应用非常广泛的一类新型合成纤维。超细纤维是一类纤维的总称,通常单丝细度接近或低于天然纤维(如蚕丝)的化学纤维都可叫做超细纤维或微细纤维。从品质上看,纤维细度改变时,纤维及其制品的化学性能会发生质的变化,同时,从化纤生产技术方面考虑,不同细度的化学纤维需要采用不同的生产技术手段才能制取。因此,目前国内外超细纤维较通行的分类方法主要有两种。</span></p><p><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">1.按照合成纤维的细度分类</span></strong></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">(1)细特纤维:单纤维线密度大于0.44dtex(0.4旦)而小于1.1tex(1.0旦)的纤维称为细特纤维或细旦纤维。由细特纤维组成的长丝称为高复丝。该类纤维大多用于纺丝绸类织物的生产。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">(2)超细纤维:单纤维线密度小于0.44dtex的纤维称为超细纤维。由超细纤维组成的长丝称为超复丝。超细纤维主要用于人造麂皮、仿桃皮绒等织物的生产。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><strong><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;" draggable="true">2.按照现有化纤生产技术水平,并结合丝的基本性能和应用范围进行分类</span></strong></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">(1)细旦丝:单丝线密度为0.55dtex(0.5旦)~1.4dtex(1.3旦),可采用常规纺丝方法和设备进行生产,如常规纺、高速纺等。细旦丝的细度和性能与蚕丝比较接近,可用传统的织造工艺进行加工,其产品风格与真丝绸也比较接近,在仿真丝织物中获得了广泛的应用。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">(2)超细旦丝:单丝线密度范围为0.33dtex(0.3旦)~0.55dtex(0.5旦),可采用常规纺丝方法生产,但技术要求较高,也可采用复合分离法生产。制得的超细旦丝主要用于高密防水透气织物、普通起毛织物和高品质的仿真丝织物。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">(3)极细旦丝:单丝线密度范围为0.11dtex(0.1旦)~0.33dtex(0.3旦)。由于单丝线密度极细,用常规纺丝方法生产已很困难,需要用复合分离法或复合溶解法生产。极细旦丝主要用于人工皮革、高级起绒织物、擦镜布、拒水织物等高新技术产品。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">(4)超极细旦丝:单丝线密度在0.11dtex(0.1旦)以下的纤维为超极细旦丝。目前,已有单丝线密度为0.00011dtex(0.0001旦)的超细旦丝实现了工业化生产。由于单纤维的细度极细,采用双组分复合分离法生产已相当困难,故大多采用海岛纺丝溶解法或共混纺丝溶解法进行生产。使用超极细旦丝进行产品生产开发时,多用非织造方法进行加工,产品主要用于仿麂皮、人工皮革、过滤材料等或生物医学等领域。</span></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="128866"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: flex-end;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;display: flex;flex-direction: column;"><section style="margin: 0 0 -8px -8px;z-index: 9;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 20px;"><img class="assistant" style="width: 100%; display: block; vertical-align: inherit; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/eb4591155da12806be842efced30b14a.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false" data-ratio="1.0285714285714285" data-w="35"></section></section><section style="background-color: #d53a1c;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="3">2</strong></section></section></section><section style="background-color: #ffd952;margin: 0 0 0 3px;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(213, 58, 28); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">异形截面纤维类</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">目前,大多数新型合成纤维截面都是异形。纤维截面异形化后可使织物的光泽、硬挺度、弹性、手感、吸湿、蓬松性、抗起毛起球、耐污性等均得到不同程度的改善。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">不同的截面形状能赋予纤维不同的性能和风格。如三角形截面可给予纤维真丝般的光泽和优良的手感;W形截面能使纤维具有螺旋卷曲、似毛的蓬松性以及粗糙感和干爽感;手指形、十字形截面的纤维可形成纱线毛细通道,提升吸湿排汗能力;中空纤维可以储存空气,提高保暖能力等。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">异形截面纤维因具有很多优良特性和风格,其用途日渐广泛,在服装、地毯、非织造布、工业卫生等领域都有应用。</span></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="128866"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: flex-end;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;display: flex;flex-direction: column;"><section style="margin: 0 0 -8px -8px;z-index: 9;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 20px;"><img class="assistant" style="width: 100%; display: block; vertical-align: inherit; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/eb4591155da12806be842efced30b14a.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false" data-ratio="1.0285714285714285" data-w="35"></section></section><section style="background-color: #d53a1c;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="4">3</strong></section></section></section><section style="background-color: #ffd952;margin: 0 0 0 3px;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(213, 58, 28); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">复合纤维类</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">复合纤维是由两种及两种以上的聚合物或性能不同的同种聚合物,按一定的方式复合而成。由于这类纤维横截面上同时含有多种组分,因此,复合纤维往往同时具有所含几种聚合物组分的特点,可制成类似羊毛的高卷曲、易染色、难燃、抗静电、高吸湿等特殊性能的纤维。如聚酰胺和聚酯制成的复合纤维,既具有锦纶耐磨性好、强度高、易染色、吸湿性较好的优点,又有涤纶弹性好、模量高、织物挺括等特色,具有更好的综合性能。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">复合纤维自开发成功以来,已经出现了数百种复合纤维。这些纤维有不同的内部结构和不同的用途,生产技术难度也不相同。复合纤维的分类方法也有多种,但大体上都可按复合纤维</span><span style="caret-color: red; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">内部组分间的几何特征进行分类。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><b>1.按结构分类</b> 复合纤维按结构可分为双层型和多层型,如下图所示。</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><img src="https://dayaotex-edu.fsh.bcebos.com/v1/dayaotex-edu/%E6%89%AB%E6%8F%8F%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD%E7%8E%8B%202023-06-26%2009.24_8.jpg?authorization=bce-auth-v1%2F59b7a26546d74b64bfd056b483465817%2F2023-06-27T03%3A00%3A48Z%2F-1%2F%2F1333bdf2837080c69effaa30767a3f37aeff88fc39972bbdfab2b378323616e0" style="width: 1001px;" data-filename=""><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><b>2.按构成组分分类</b> 复合纤维按照组分的数目又可分为双组分纤维和多组分纤维两大类。目前,开发的主要是双组分纤维,双组分复合纤维又可根据纤维内两种组分相互间的位置关系分为并列型、皮芯型和共混型等。共混型纤维是指一种聚合物组分以原纤状或细条状高度分散于另一种组分中制得的纤维,故又称为双成分纤维或基体一原纤型纤维和海岛型纤维。海岛型纤维的岛组分可以连续分布,也可以不连续分布。</span><br></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="128866"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: flex-end;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;display: flex;flex-direction: column;"><section style="margin: 0 0 -8px -8px;z-index: 9;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 20px;"><img class="assistant" style="width: 100%; display: block; vertical-align: inherit; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/eb4591155da12806be842efced30b14a.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false" data-ratio="1.0285714285714285" data-w="35"></section></section><section style="background-color: #d53a1c;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="5">4</strong></section></section></section><section style="background-color: #ffd952;margin: 0 0 0 3px;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(213, 58, 28); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">功能性纤维类</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">随着人们对纺织品功能性要求的提高,出现了多种功能性合成纤维,如抗紫外线纤维、抗菌除臭纤维、保暖纤维、各种保健纤维、芳香纤维、吸湿排汗纤维、拒水纤维、蓄热纤维、导电纤维、难燃纤维、感温变色纤维等。</span></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="128866"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: flex-end;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;display: flex;flex-direction: column;"><section style="margin: 0 0 -8px -8px;z-index: 9;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 20px;"><img class="assistant" style="width: 100%; display: block; vertical-align: inherit; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/eb4591155da12806be842efced30b14a.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false" data-ratio="1.0285714285714285" data-w="35"></section></section><section style="background-color: #d53a1c;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="6" aria-describedby="tooltip534639">5</strong></section></section></section><section style="background-color: #ffd952;margin: 0 0 0 3px;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(213, 58, 28); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">仿生纤维类</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">近年来,生物和生物系材料的高功能性被重新认识,基于仿生思路而进行新材料的开发研究已在纤维和其他各领域广泛开展。如模仿昆虫夜间活动时角膜的超微坑纤维,使纤维具有深色的光泽;模仿蝴蝶翅膀上鳞片结构的多重螺旋纤维,具有金属般的光泽;模仿荷叶结构的超防水性织物,既可使织物具有超强的防水性,还能使织物透湿、透气等。此外,还有模仿皮革材料的人造麂皮等,均达到了较好的性能并有所应用。</span></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="128866"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: flex-end;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;display: flex;flex-direction: column;"><section style="margin: 0 0 -8px -8px;z-index: 9;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 20px;"><img class="assistant" style="width: 100%; display: block; vertical-align: inherit; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/eb4591155da12806be842efced30b14a.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false" data-ratio="1.0285714285714285" data-w="35"></section></section><section style="background-color: #d53a1c;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="7">6</strong></section></section></section><section style="background-color: #ffd952;margin: 0 0 0 3px;transform: skew(-10deg);-webkit-transform: skew(-10deg);-moz-transform: skew(-10deg);-o-transform: skew(-10deg);"><section style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(213, 58, 28); padding: 4px 9px; transform: skew(10deg);"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">智能纤维</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em;text-align:justify;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">智能纤维是指当纤维所处的环境发生变化时,纤维的形状、温度、颜色和渗透速率等随之发生敏锐响应的纤维,即突跃性变化纤维。智能纤维能够感知环境的变化或刺激(如机械、热、化学、光、湿度、电磁等),并能做出反应。目前,光敏纤维、热敏纤维、导电纤维、形状记忆纤维、pH值响应性凝胶纤维、智能抗菌纤维等已经实现了规模化生产。</span></p></section>

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