<ol><li><section data-role="outer" class="article135" label="edit by 135editor"><section class="_135editor" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118778"><section style="margin: 10px auto; transform-style: preserve-3d;"><section style="transform: translateZ(5px);transform: translateZ(5px);-webkit-transform: translateZ(5px);-moz-transform: translateZ(5px);-ms-transform: translateZ(5px);-o-transform: translateZ(5px);"><section style="width: 35px; height: 35px; background: linear-gradient(rgb(255, 216, 143), rgb(245, 251, 253)); border-radius: 100%; overflow: hidden;"></section></section><section style="background-color: #f9fcfd;padding: 15px;margin: -18px 0 0 15px;transform: translateZ(7px);transform: translateZ(7px);-webkit-transform: translateZ(7px);-moz-transform: translateZ(7px);-ms-transform: translateZ(7px);-o-transform: translateZ(7px);"><section data-autoskip="1" class="135brush" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.75em; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(90, 95, 96); background: transparent;"><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118818"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px;"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section><section style="display: flex; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(203, 227, 162); padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(203, 227, 162); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; width: 32px; text-align: center;"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="">1</strong></section><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; padding: 0px 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px;" hm_fix="283:412"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">感官鉴别法</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118817"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex;"><section style="display: flex;flex-shrink: 0;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px; transform: translateY(-5px);"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section><section style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(175, 199, 117);"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="">1</strong></section></section><section style="width: 100%; background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); border-radius: 0px 25px 25px 0px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0px 10px; max-width: 100% !important;" data-width="100%"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); text-align: left; padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;" hm_fix="205:499"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">主要方法</strong></section></section><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="width: 12px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 27.85 22.68" style="display: block;" xml:space="default"><g><g><path class="cls-1" style="fill:#cbe3a2;" d="M0,20.55c4.89-2.41,7.23-6.31,7.44-8.64C4.25,11.06.57,9.36.57,5c0-2.9,2.34-5,5.52-5,3.34,0,5.82,2.34,5.82,7A16.61,16.61,0,0,1,1.28,22.68Zm16,0c4.89-2.41,7.22-6.31,7.51-8.64-3.33-.85-6.95-2.55-6.95-6.88,0-2.9,2.34-5,5.53-5s5.81,2.34,5.81,7a16.57,16.57,0,0,1-10.7,15.73Z"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p><strong>眼看</strong>：运用眼睛的视觉效应，观看面料的光泽明暗、染色情况、表面粗糙与否及组织、纹路和纤维的外观特征。</p><p><strong>手摸</strong>：运用手的触觉效应，感觉面料的软硬、光滑、粗糙、细洁、弹性、冷暖等。用手还可以察觉出面料中纤维和纱线的强度和弹性。</p><p><strong>耳听、鼻嗅</strong>：听觉和嗅觉对判断某些面料的原料有一定的帮助。如蚕丝具有独特的丝鸣声；各类不同纤维面料的撕裂声不同；腈纶和羊毛纤维面料的气味有差异等。</p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118817"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex;"><section style="display: flex;flex-shrink: 0;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px; transform: translateY(-5px);"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section><section style="font-size: 20px; color: rgb(175, 199, 117);"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="2">2</strong></section></section><section style="width: 100%; background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); border-radius: 0px 25px 25px 0px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0px 10px; max-width: 100% !important;" data-width="100%"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); text-align: left; padding: 0px 5px 0px 0px;"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" hm_fix="262:481">四个步骤</strong></section></section><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="width: 12px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 27.85 22.68" style="display: block;" xml:space="default"><g><g><path class="cls-1" style="fill:#cbe3a2;" d="M0,20.55c4.89-2.41,7.23-6.31,7.44-8.64C4.25,11.06.57,9.36.57,5c0-2.9,2.34-5,5.52-5,3.34,0,5.82,2.34,5.82,7A16.61,16.61,0,0,1,1.28,22.68Zm16,0c4.89-2.41,7.22-6.31,7.51-8.64-3.33-.85-6.95-2.55-6.95-6.88,0-2.9,2.34-5,5.53-5s5.81,2.34,5.81,7a16.57,16.57,0,0,1-10.7,15.73Z"></path></g></g></svg></section></section></section></section></section><p><strong>第一步：</strong>初步区分纤维或面料的所属大类。</p><p><strong>第二步</strong>：由面料中纤维的感官特征，进一步判断原料的种类。</p><p><strong>第三步</strong>：根据面料的感官特征做出最终判断。</p><p><strong>第四步</strong>：验证判断结果。如果对判断把握不大时，可以采用其他方法予以验证。如果判断有误，可以重新进行感官鉴别或与其他方法相结合进行鉴别。</p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118818"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px;"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section><section style="display: flex; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(203, 227, 162); padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(203, 227, 162); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; width: 32px; text-align: center;"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="2" aria-describedby="tooltip785538" hm_fix="234:421">2</strong></section><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; padding: 0px 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">燃烧鉴别法</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align:center;" align="center"><strong>常见纺织纤维的燃烧特征</strong></p><p><strong>棉纤维</strong>：遇火即燃烧，燃烧速度快，产生黄色火焰，有气味；稍有灰白色烟，离火后可以继续燃烧，吹熄火焰后仍有火星在续燃，但延续时间不长；燃烧后能保持原绒形状，手触易碎成松散的灰，灰烬呈灰色细软粉末，纤维的烧焦部分为黑色。</p><p><strong>麻纤维</strong>：燃烧的速度很快，软化，不熔，不缩，产生黄色或蓝色火焰，有烧草的气味；离开火焰继续迅速燃烧；灰烬少，呈浅灰色或白色草灰末状。</p><p><strong>羊毛</strong>：接触火焰不马上燃烧，先卷缩，后冒烟，然后纤维起跑燃烧；火焰呈橘色黄色，燃烧速度比棉纤维慢，离开火焰立即停燃，不易续燃，有烧头发和羽毛的臭味；灰烬不能保持纤维原状，而呈不定形或球状有光泽的黑褐色脆块，用手指一压即粉碎，灰烬数量较多，有燃烧时的气味。</p><p><strong>蚕丝</strong>：燃烧比较慢，熔融并卷曲，烧时缩成一团，有烧毛发的臭味；离开火焰时略带闪光，缓慢燃烧，有时会自灭；灰为黑褐色松脆小球，用手指一压即碎。</p><p><strong>粘胶纤维</strong>：燃烧性状基本与棉相似，但粘胶纤维燃烧速度比棉纤维稍快，灰烬更少，有时不易保持原形，粘胶纤维燃烧时会发出轻微的咝咝声。</p><p><strong>醋酯纤维</strong>：燃烧速度快，有火花，一边熔化，一边燃烧，烧时有刺鼻的醋酸味；离开火焰时，一边熔化，一边燃烧；灰为黑色有光泽的不规则块状，可用手指压碎。</p><p><strong>铜氨纤维</strong>：燃烧速度很快，不熔融，不收缩，有烧纸的气味；离开火焰继续迅速燃烧；灰烬少，呈浅灰色或灰白色。</p><p><strong>锦纶</strong>：与火焰接近时引起纤维收缩，接触火焰后，纤维迅速卷缩，并熔融成透明的胶状物，同时有小气泡。</p><p><strong>腈纶</strong>：一边熔化熔融，一边燃烧，燃烧速度快；火焰呈白色，明亮有力，有时略有黑烟；有类似烧煤焦油的鱼腥臭味或辛辣味；离开火焰继续燃烧，但燃烧速度缓慢；灰烬为黑褐色不规则脆性小球，用手指易捻碎。</p><p><strong>维纶</strong>：燃烧时纤维迅速收缩，慢慢燃烧，火焰很小，几乎无烟；当纤维大量熔融时会产生较大的深黄色火焰，有小气泡；烧时带有电石气的特殊臭味；离开火焰继续燃烧，有时会自灭；灰烬为黑褐色不规则脆性小珠，用手指可捻碎。</p><p><strong>丙纶</strong>：一边卷缩，一边熔化，缓慢燃烧；有蓝色明亮火焰，冒黑色浓烟，有胶状物滴下；有类似烧石蜡的气味；离开火焰继续燃烧，有时会自灭；灰烬为不规则硬块状，透明，用手指不易捻碎。</p><p><strong>氯纶</strong>：难以燃烧；在火焰中熔融燃烧，冒黑色浓烟；离开火焰立即熄灭，不能续燃；烧时有难闻的刺鼻氯臭味；灰烬为不规则黑褐色硬块，用手指不易捻碎。</p><p><strong>氨纶</strong>：接近火焰先膨胀成圆形，而后收缩熔融；在火焰中熔融燃烧，燃烧速度比较缓慢，火焰呈黄色或蓝色；离开火焰边熔融边燃烧，缓慢自灭；烧时有特殊的刺激性气味；灰烬为白色黏着性块状物。</p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118818"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px;"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section><section style="display: flex; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(203, 227, 162); padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(203, 227, 162); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; width: 32px; text-align: center;"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="3">3</strong></section><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; padding: 0px 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text" hm_fix="314:423">&nbsp;密度梯度法</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p>密度梯度法的鉴别过程是：首先配置密度梯度液，配置的方法是将两种不同密度而又能互相混合的轻液和重液适当混合，一般采用二甲苯为轻液，四氯化碳为重液，利用扩散作用，在两种液体界面轻液分子与重液分子互相扩散，使混合液在密度梯度管中形成一种具有从上而下连续变化的密度梯度液。用标准密度的小球来标定各个高度的密度值。然后将待测纺织纤维进行脱油、烘干等预处理，做成小球，把小球依次投入密度梯度管中，测定纤维的密度值，与纤维的标准密度做比较，从而鉴定出纤维的种类。因为密度梯度液会随温度的变化而变化，所以进行测试时务必保持密度梯度液的温度恒定。</p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118818"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px;"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section><section style="display: flex; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(203, 227, 162); padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(203, 227, 162); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; width: 32px; text-align: center;"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="4">4</strong></section><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; padding: 0px 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px;" hm_fix="343:411"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">显微镜观察法</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p>在显微镜下通过观察纺织纤维的纵向形态，可以区分其所属的大类；通过观察纺织纤维的横截面形态，可以确定纤维的具体名称。</p>&nbsp;<section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118818"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;" hm_fix="312:396"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px;"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section><section style="display: flex; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(203, 227, 162); padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(203, 227, 162); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; width: 32px; text-align: center;"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="5">5</strong></section><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; padding: 0px 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">溶解法</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p>对于纯纺面料，鉴别时，要将一定浓度的化学试剂加入盛有要鉴别纺织纤维的试管中，然后观察和仔细区分纺织纤维的溶解情况（溶解、部分溶解、微溶、不溶解），并仔细记录其溶解时的温度（常温溶解、加热溶解、煮沸溶解）。</p><p>对于混纺面料，鉴别时，需要先把面料拆分为一根根的纺织纤维，然后把纺织纤维放在有凹面的载玻片上，将纤维展开，滴入化学试剂，在显微镜下进行观察，从中观察组分纤维的溶解情况，确定纤维的种类。</p><p>由于化学溶剂的浓度和温度对于纺织纤维的溶解性能有比较明显的影响，因此用溶解法鉴别纺织纤维时，应当严格控制化学试剂的浓度和温度。</p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118818"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;"><section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px;"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section><section style="display: flex; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(203, 227, 162); padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(203, 227, 162); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; width: 32px; text-align: center;"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="6">6</strong></section><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; padding: 0px 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px;" hm_fix="302:410"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">试剂着色法</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p>试剂着色法是根据各种纺织纤维对某种化学试剂的着色性能不同来迅速鉴别纺织纤维品种的方法。试剂着色法只适用于未染色或纯纺纱线及面料。对有色的纺织纤维或纺织面料必须先进性脱色。</p><section class="_135editor" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="118818"><section style="margin: 10px auto; display: flex; justify-content: center;" hm_fix="414:426"><section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section class="assistant" style="width: 15px;"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/bafe461a91f9502f02c7b781932130bc.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section><section style="display: flex; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(203, 227, 162); padding: 0px 0px 2px;"><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(203, 227, 162); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; width: 32px; text-align: center;"><strong>0</strong><strong class="autonum" data-original-title="" title="" data-num="7">7</strong></section><section style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(131, 180, 230); background-color: rgb(239, 248, 251); height: 32px; line-height: 32px; padding: 0px 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"><strong class="135brush" data-brushtype="text">熔点法</strong></section></section></section></section></section><p>熔点法依据各种合成纤维的熔融特性不同，利用熔点仪测定其熔点，从而鉴别出纺织纤维的品种。大多数合成纤维都没有确切的熔点，同一种合成纤维的熔点也不是一个固定值，但是熔点基本上固定在一个比较狭小的范围内，因此，根据熔点可以确定合成纤维的种类。这是鉴别合成纤维的方法之一，这种方法一般不单纯使用，而是在初步鉴别之后作为证实的辅助方法，只适用与未经抗熔处理的纯纺合成纤维面料。</p></section></section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;margin: -15px 0 0 0;transform: translateZ(10px);transform: translateZ(10px);-webkit-transform: translateZ(10px);-moz-transform: translateZ(10px);-ms-transform: translateZ(10px);-o-transform: translateZ(10px);"><section class="assistant" style="width: 30px;"><img class="assistant" style="vertical-align: inherit; width: 100%; display: block; max-width: 100% !important;" src="https://bcn.135editor.com/files/images/editor_styles/ec86105fb2c4488d60c12f8f3e7ee985.png" data-width="100%" draggable="false"></section></section></section></section></section></li></ol>