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印染厂最全“色渍”原因分析及其改善方法

2022-09-26 08:28:40

<section data-role="outer" class="article135" label="edit by 135editor"><section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="97618" data-color="#d82821" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section style="margin: 10px auto; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 6px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; background-image: url("https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jNUwl3KOntVPCric3Y4jzjdFyIUIY558eQbxOx1aexEzWSjNHd3KrE6ayicdZ5SZYGYuo941cSoOwYypKGJnQtgQ/640?wx_fmt=png"); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 100%; background-position: center bottom; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" hm_fix="337:291" style="margin: 0px; padding: 6px 1em; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgb(216, 40, 33), rgb(219, 86, 81)); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); letter-spacing: 2px; font-size: 16px; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">主要内容</section></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">羊毛、涤纶、氨纶纤维及其混纺物概述<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">色渍的研究及分析<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="116481" data-color="#d82821" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section style="margin: 20px auto; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; align-items: center; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 30px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(216, 40, 33); text-align: center; flex-shrink: 0; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">01</section><section data-width="57%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; width: 57%; visibility: visible; max-width: 57% !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 100%; height: 1px; background-color: rgb(216, 40, 33); flex-shrink: 0; overflow: hidden; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> </section></section><section data-width="42%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; width: 42%; visibility: visible; 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font-size: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: left; letter-spacing: 1.5px; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">羊毛、涤纶、氨纶纤维及其混纺物概述</section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">1.1 羊毛的结构与性能<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">羊毛是由鳞片层、皮质层和髓质层组成，是细而长的实心圆柱体，成卷去状。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">羊毛的鳞片层由片状鳞片细胞组成。皮质层是羊毛纤维的主要组成部分，是由许多细长的，两端尖形的纺锤状细胞排列堆积而成，细胞间存在着一些缝隙，缝隙中充满空气，皮质层决定了羊毛纤维的化学和无力机械性质。髓质层在羊毛纤维的中心部分，是一种不透明的物质，细羊毛没有髓质层，只有粗羊毛才有髓质层。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">羊毛纤维的化学组成主要是角朊，它是由多种α-氨基酸缩合而成的链状大分子，组成角朊的元素有：碳、氧、氮、氢、硫等。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">R1、R2、R3代表不同的氨基酸，约有20余种，有的氨基酸能使角朊主链间形成支链，因而角朊大分子具有网状结构。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">羊毛有很强的吸湿能力，在标准状态下(温度20℃，相对湿度65%)，它的回潮率为16%。将羊毛纤维浸于低温水中，纤维在直径和长度方向发生了程度不同的膨化。当水温提高到80~110℃时，羊毛角朊开始水解，当温度达到200℃时，羊毛纤维全部破坏，几乎全部溶解。冷的烯酸对羊毛没有破坏作用，冷浓酸短时间处理羊毛不会影响其强力。但浓的强酸会引起羊毛显著破坏，破坏程度取决于处理的温度和时间。羊毛对碱的抵抗力是比较差的。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">羊毛纤维是天然蛋白质纤维，具有手感柔软，质地坚牢，有良好的弹性及保暖性、光泽柔和等优点，但其织物洗涤困难，硬挺性不高且价格较贵。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">1.2 涤纶的结构与性能<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">涤纶是的化学组成主要为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">涤纶分子有很高的强度和耐磨性，抗皱性超过一切纤维，织物的保型性好。由于涤纶的组成中缺少亲水性基团，纤维的吸湿性很小，在标准状态下，回潮率为0.4%。涤纶有很强的耐光性，仅次于聚丙烯腈纤维。其耐热性也很好，熔点为258~263℃，软化点为240℃，玻璃化温度为67~81℃，不霉不蛀。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">涤纶的结晶度很高，化学性质稳定，耐酸性很好，弱酸不会损伤纤维，强酸在高温时会引起强度下降。涤纶的耐碱性也很好，不过由于涤纶的分子结构中含有酯基，所以用强碱高温下长时间处理，会使酯键发生水解作用，纤维受到损伤。涤纶对次氯酸盐和过氧化物的作用是很稳定的，也不溶于一般的有机溶剂中。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">尽管涤纶纤维性能优良，但是由于涤纶分子结构紧密及吸湿性低，染色较困难。用分散染料染色时，需采用特殊的染色方法，才能得到较浓的色泽。并且易沾污、易燃、纤维上易积累静电荷、织物易起球等。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">1.3 氨纶的结构与性能<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">氨纶是一种重要的高技术纤维，具有软硬嵌段的区段结构，性能优异。作为连裤袜、泳衣具有高弹性、高回复性的特点；作为内衣、衬裤贴身舒适、保持形状，经多次洗涤不松弛。因其穿着舒适性和设计适应性好，还迅速应用到各种纤维的混纺外衣、针织外衣等高档面料和服装。其主要化学组成是聚氨基甲酸酯。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">其良好的弹性首先是由于它是由所谓软链段和硬链段组成的嵌段共聚物组成的网络结构所致，即具有“区段”网络结构。硬链段短，软锻段长。硬链段起结点作用，阻止受力时分子链产生滑移，软链段间分子作用力小，易运动，链段往往弯曲不规则，是产生弹性的必要条件之一。聚氨酯合成的主要反应，硬段、软段的结构。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">弹性纤维的基本结构是按照橡胶的经典弹性理论来设计的。聚醚类的软链段是聚氧乙稀、聚氧丙烯和聚四氢呋喃的聚醚链段。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">它们之间的作用力主要为范德华力，不能形成氢键，作用很弱。聚酯类的软链段主要是混合二元醇的聚己二酸酯，形成聚酯链段。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">从结构上来看，最适合常规氨纶染色的染料，还是分散染料。因为分散染料既可以与氨纶中的非离子极性基团通过氢键、偶极力结合，也可以通过色散力与氨纶的疏水组分结合。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">1.4 毛/涤/氨纶混纺织物<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">毛/涤/氨纶混纺织物综合了羊毛、涤纶和氨纶纤维的优点：羊毛丰满的手感及高吸湿性能补偿了涤纶呆板的手感及较差的透气舒适性，而涤纶的高强度及高断裂延伸度又提高了羊毛织物的保形性及耐磨性，另外混入适量氨纶以提高其服用性能。下图是上海某纺织品有限公司毛/涤/氨纶混纺织物织造结构工艺图及编织方法之一。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">经过染整加工后，毛/涤/氨纶混纺织物具有呢面满、手感滑糯、悬垂性好、保形性强的特点，符合新型纺织品应具备的“外观形状良好、适应性高、护理容易、产品性能优异及生产成本低”的要求，符合国际纺织面料“原料多元化、结构轻薄化、风格潮流化、功能多样化”的发展趋势。这些特点使得毛/涤、氨纶混纺织物成为毛纺行业的主要精纺产品之一，被广泛用作于男女成衣面料，具有广阔的市场和发展潜力。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">多种纤维的混纺、交织和复合纺织品愈来愈多；而在多种纤维的混纺中，由于染色工艺及使用染料不同，经常遇到各种染整疵病，尤其是色渍问题。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="116481" data-color="#d82821" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section style="margin: 20px auto; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; 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padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: left; letter-spacing: 1.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">色渍的研究及分析</section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.1色渍的研究现状<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">自从人类有了染色技术以来，色渍问题就困扰着染整工作者。综合国内文献，对色渍问题的研究均为公司的技术人员或生产者，大致可分为以下几类：对染料来说，有分散染料尤其是分散红类染料、分散翠蓝类染料，活性蓝类染料的色渍问题，这两类染料的共同点是相对分子质量大；对面料来说，纯涤纶织物、涤氨织物等含涤纶的面料易出现色渍；对设备来说，高温高压喷射溢流染色机、卷染机存在出现色渍的因素。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">周凉仙、曾林泉、陈晓玉总结了在染整中常见疵病、原因及解决方法，如色不匀(色花、色点、色渍斑)、色牢度等。崔浩然、章杰、宗建成阐述了分散染料染涤纶时色渍问题的原因、处理方式及改进措施，在原因中提到了分散染料的配伍性，并且崔浩然还对浸染染疵进行了成因分析及应对措施的说明。在分散染料中分散大红出现的问题尤为严重，望瑞、范苏尘、吴金石、周良仙，唐薇均分析了分散大红类染料容易出现色点色渍的原因，并提出了优化工艺、改进措施。厉军分析了分翠兰BGN的色渍原因及在染色中采取的措施，包括色渍回修。关于活性艳蓝、翠兰类染料的色渍疵病报道很多，无锡恒田印染有限公司的等7家公司出现各种活性艳蓝、翠兰类染料的色渍问题，其原因主要是结构的因素，并针对不同的布料对工艺、助剂用量、操作要求进行改进、优化，最终予以解决。由于涤纶的特殊紧密结构，纯涤纶、涤氨、涤棉、涤富混纺织物、涤纶改性织物在分散染料染色时，色渍问题经常发生，究其原因主要是涤纶低聚物、高温时分散染料聚合，另外还有布面油污去除、染色升温速率等其它因素。染色方法和染色机器也会对色渍产生影响，胡发浩、楚云荣、曾林泉、朱善长分别对高温高压卷染机、高温高压溢流染色机、喷射染色方法中出现的色渍进行了分析，并提出了防止和解决方法。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2 色渍问题的原因分析<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.1水质对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">大大降低染料的溶解度，从而削弱染料上染能力，容易形成色渍而影响染色质量和颜色重现性，水洗时的浮色也不容易去除。这些金属染料吸附于纤维和织物表面，影响染料的吸附、扩散和渗透，使染色不透，容易出现白芯，得色率下降；或造成染色不均、色斑、色变以及色泽鲜艳度下降等现象。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.2 化料水温对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">化料水温太高也会导致色渍，若水质硬度偏高时则更明显。化染料时以冷水或温水化料，溶解分散染料的水温在30~40℃即可。现实中存在的误区是温度越高，染料越容易溶解，但这对于分散染料来说是不适宜的。首先分散染料本身并不溶于水，仅是靠分散剂分散于中，高温会破坏分散体系的稳定性，这是因为高温时分散染料与分散剂的相互作用减弱，染料与分散剂之间的“结合能”会逐渐下降，甚至会部分破裂，游离出来的染料晶粒由于受着水的排斥，会彼此相互聚集，使微小的染料晶粒逐渐变为大的染料聚集体。分散染料还会发生晶体增长，导致染料的凝聚。重者会和染液中的涤纶齐聚物以及纤毛等悬浮物纠集在一起，形成焦油状物，粘附于织物上，便产生无法消除的“焦油斑”，即色渍。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">化料水温对分散染料晶体及分散剂的影响示意图，如图15所示。其次，化染料时加入部分扩散剂及冰醋酸，有助于染料的分散稳定。所以，化料的水质和温度必须引起重视。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.3 前处理除油对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">纱线纺成坯布时会加些润滑油类物质减少摩擦力，染色过程中织物上的油剂漂浮在染液表面，并吸附染料颗粒引起凝聚造成色渍。残留的油迹需在前处理过程中去除，否则将导致染整疵病。左凯杰等人在涤氨针织物鲜亮色染色生产问题及实践中为去除油渍，改进前处理工艺，以烧碱取代纯碱，并提高了前处理温度。可更有效地去除纺纱油剂，但可能损伤氨纶纤维。增加了乳化精练剂及清洗剂，确保坯布上的纺纱油剂被去除。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.4 退浆不净对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">在染整中，退浆是非常重要的一个环节，无论是退浆不净或不匀，都将会给染整带来潜在的不利影响。因此，印染厂对退浆率都有一定的标准要求，一般产品的退浆率应在75%以上，才能符合染色和印花的条件。常用的浆料及其化学结构如图16-23所示：<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">①淀粉<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">淀粉用于经纱上浆已有悠久的历史,其资源丰富、价格低廉、对环境污染小。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">②变性淀粉<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">氧化淀粉的目的是降低粘度和使淀粉分子上产生一定量的羧基，提高对纤维的粘附力。其浆液的流动性、浸透性和成膜性均好，色泽洁白而透明，浆液稳定而不易沉淀，用于经纱上浆颇为适宜。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">在淀粉分子上接入了大分子支链，如乙烯或丙烯类单体，改善了淀粉的粘接能力。其性质主要由接枝单体的性能和接枝率决定。因为它是由淀粉分子链和合成高聚物分子链两部分所组成，其浆料兼具淀粉和合成浆料二者的特点，互补长短，价格却大大低于合成浆料，而且接枝前后依然可以进行变性，从而可显著提高对毛纤维和合成纤维的粘附性和成膜性，浆膜弹性和伸度以及粘度稳定性均有较大的提高。<p style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="center"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">毛纱上浆宜选用丙烯酸类浆料，是因为浆料和纤维之间具有相类似的极性基团的缘故，它对毛纱粘着力好，形成的浆膜弹性及柔软性好，有一定的抗静电性，且退浆容易，不足之处是浆膜再粘性大，浆膜软，并带有难闻的气味。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">每种浆料对色渍的影响目前没有报道。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.5 退浆后净洗对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">虽已退去织物纤维上的浆料，但其得不到充分的洗涤，仍不利于对染色色渍、染色不匀等疵病问题的解决。这是因为从织物上已退下来的浆料全部混浊在染色液剂中，随着工作液增稠增粘，织物在此混浊的稠而粘的工作液中往复地循环进行，一方面退浆，另一方面却等于“上浆”，所以加强退浆后净洗工作，减少已被退下来的浆重新粘附到织物上，并将已粘附上的混浊物充分洗去是必要的。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">若这些混浊物不予洗净，留在织物上，当染色时与染料作用，很容易结焦，会出现两种情况：一是染液上染时在织物上与之结成粒子；二是随织物侵入染液而落入染液中，迅速被染料分子包围成微粒，继而上染织物导致色渍产生。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.6 助剂对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.6.1 分散剂、匀染剂对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">分散染料中加有大量的分散剂，在溶液中离子化后它们形成双电层，于是离子化基团相斥，使染料颗粒在染液中保持分散状态，若遇到织物上的残留物或表面活性剂中的电解质，双电层易受到破坏，染料颗粒相互剧烈碰撞引起染料凝聚造成色渍。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">另外，高温下剧烈快速的循环染液，会使浊点低的非离子表面活性剂产生沉淀，也会破坏染液的稳定性，形成凝聚物沾着织物上成为不易去除的色渍。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">厉军在分散翠蓝BGN染色产生色渍及解决时，发现当使用分散染料染色涤纶得中浅色时，助剂不足特别是匀染剂不足时，会促使染料集中在危险区域上染。而这一区域可能既是染料聚集和解聚的第一阶段，又是涤纶纤维分子运动的转变区。一部分染料解聚后由纤维的表面向内部扩散，一部分染料聚集后由于助<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">剂的影响随温度变化固着于纤维表面形成色渍。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.6.2 后整理助剂对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">后整理的类别很多，其重要性和影响性不亚于染色。后整理过程会不可避免的出现整理上的疵病。为了缩短生产过程、节约时间，通常在工艺设计上将柔软、抗静电、防水防油等整理往往是合在一起进行的，但因各助剂品种的相容性会更易引发整理剂斑点、斑渍等疵病的出现。另外，由于整理助剂的作用效果具有耐久性，但耐久性越好，回修剥除上的困难度也就会越大。如有机硅柔软剂、氟系三防整理剂等均为耐久性优良而难于清除的品种，所以在此类试剂的运用上，应尽量避免回修，使用过程细致规范。 <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.7 染料对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.7.1 分散染料配伍性对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">分散染料染涤纶或混纺织物时都有一个“配伍”问题，在高温浸染中由于分子结构不同的分散染料的热凝聚性显著不同，热聚性显著不同的染料可能会导致色渍问题，因此应选用热聚集性较小的染料配伍染色。在分散液中60℃以下分散染料的分散稳定性良好，然而，在染浴升温(60～130℃)、染色保温(130～135℃)以及染色降温(130～60℃)过程中，染料的晶粒易发生聚集，分散液稳定性显著下降，甚至使整个分散体系遭到破坏，这种现象称之为“热聚集性”。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">产生热聚性的原因有：<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">(1)若分散剂具有水温越高，分散力越差的缺点。则染料晶粒与分散剂分子之间的结合力随水温升高而变弱。因此，在高温和染液流动与织物转动产生的剪切力作用下，染料颗粒被不同程度的拆散，分散稳定性下降。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">(2)温度升高，染料颗粒本身的活化能增加，颗粒之间碰撞的机率增多，游离的染料晶粒或分散性差的染料胶粒重新聚集，形成新的或更大的染料颗粒，以至染料的聚集体聚集在布面上成为色渍。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">(3)从高温降温过程中，染料也会因水温的降低，热振动减弱，以及溶解度下降，染料析出发生二次凝聚聚集在布面上。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">分散染料的“热聚集性”使微小的染料晶粒不经溶解、直接碰撞形成更大的染料颗粒，这种现象通常发生在升温阶段。这种大的染料聚集体不但影响匀染、透染效果，甚至会产生“焦油化物”而造成无法修复的染疵。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.7.2 使用活性染料时电解质对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">有些活性染料分子基团大，在水中并非以单分子存在，而是以几个甚至几百个分子缔合体的形式存在，其染液具有不同程度的胶体性状，具有稳定性。而电解质的加入，会使稳定的胶体系统遭到破坏，导致溶液稳定性、染料溶解度和扩散性下降，染料会以多个分子缔合的形式析出，造成明显的色渍现象。还有些活性染料在碱性条件下发生化学反应，生成新的物质使染料自身溶解能力显著降低，在大量电解质的作用下，沉积在纤维表面，生成色点、色渍。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">中性电解质的加入对活性染料的染色过程影响很大，当中性电解质可以带动活性染料分子在水溶液中均匀扩散，起到促染作用，但随着中性电解质含量进一步增多，染料扩散性能会下降，不易均匀分散开，易盐析形成色渍、色花。因此，中性电解质的用法和用量对活性染料的染色极其重要。另外，加碱前也应保证无盐析、色渍的存在。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.7.3 使用活性染料时加料顺序对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">崔浩然在活性翠蓝的性能及其应用和浸染染疵的成因分析与应对措施中提到，电解质要先于染料加入缸内。原因是：若染料先行加入，再以含染料的回流水在化料桶中溶解电解质(食盐或元明粉)时(外加清水溶解，怕增大浴比)，会因电解质在化料桶中溶解时总是呈过饱和状态，浓度超高，使回流水中的染料立即发生盐析而与水分离，回流水中的染料在电解质的饱和溶液中会迅速絮集而析出，一旦压入缸内粘附在织物上，就会造成色点色渍染疵。因此，活性染料染色一定要先加电解质，后加染料。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.8 泡沫对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">溢流喷射染色机布速、压力很大时，染液剧烈搅动，容易引起大量泡沫，使织物得不到正常运转。剧烈搅动的染液拍打着织物，造成包围着分散染料的分散剂破裂，形成凝聚物，并依赖泡沫牢固地沾着织物，导致色渍形成。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.9 低聚物对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">低聚物是在涤纶的生产过程中，对苯二甲酸和乙二醇在缩聚时的副产物，即一种低分子量的酯，其平均含量为1%~3%，多数在纤维内部。其中有单体、二聚物、三聚物，由于环状三聚物(如图25所示)化学稳定性和热稳定性高，易聚集和结晶，因此其含量超过其他低聚物，占总低聚物70%。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">在染色过程中温度很高时，低聚物自纤维内部逐渐向纤维表面迁移，当温度超过120℃时，低聚物能溶解在染浴中并从溶液中结晶析出，与凝聚的染料结合，冷却时沉积到机械或织物的表面上，如图26所示，研究表明纤维表面低聚物含量超过0.15%(对纤维重)时，将会在染整加工中引起严重的问题，如色渍、浮色、色斑、色差等问题。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">涤纶中低聚物的熔点约为310 ℃，这表明环状三聚物稳定性较高。染色温度为130℃时，环状三聚物在水中的溶解度小于2 mg/L，因此环状三聚物在预处理、染色或其他传统湿处理过程中不易洗去。去除低聚物是染整过程中的必要解决问题之一。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.10洗缸方法对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">每一次染整中，设备中将存留一些染料、助剂、低聚物，时间久了，会影响染色的效果，造成染疵。因此，缩短染色设备清洗周期，用烧碱和保险粉对设备进行还原清洗，尤其是染色设备的输布管道和热交换器等部位，清洗液中可加入含有能够溶解环状低聚物的溶剂，如三氯化苯等，此法只能减少低聚物在设备上的沉积，不能基本消除低聚物对染色的影响。洗缸时，先把水加满，再打入洗缸布，效果更明显。不要加入过多的强氧化剂或强还原剂，以免腐蚀密封装置。用保险粉和纯碱来洗缸，成本低、效果好。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">2.2.11 浴比对色渍的影响<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">某纺织品有限公司有两类染缸：高温高压溢流染色机O型和高温高压溢流染色机J型。不同的浴比也对色渍产生影响。染色浴比小，染料粒子在高温高压染色机中热碰撞机率相对增多，易产生染斑、色渍。<p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="116481" data-color="#d82821" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" class="_135editor"><section style="margin: 20px auto; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; display: flex; align-items: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 30px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; color: rgb(216, 40, 33); text-align: center; flex-shrink: 0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">03</section><section data-width="57%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; width: 57%; max-width: 57% !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; width: 100%; height: 1px; background-color: rgb(216, 40, 33); flex-shrink: 0; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"> </section></section><section data-width="42%" style="margin: 0px; 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padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: left; letter-spacing: 1.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">编后语</section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify"> <p style="text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;" align="justify">由于织物在染整生产中前后环节多，对染整结果的影响因素也较多。对于混纺织物色渍问题的研究和解决，多年来一直困扰着染整工作者，其实用性强、难度大、影响因素多。而国内外关于毛/涤/氨纶混纺织物色渍系统的研究是一个空白，对两种混纺织物的色渍研究也较少。本课题将根据以往公司对色渍的分析方法及纠正措施，综合文献，对色渍形成的原因从机理方面探究并分析其原因，随后，针对不同原因，在尽可能低成本的前提下改善工艺条件及配方，降低或避免色渍产生；若不能避免，对产生的色渍进行去除。</section>

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